School of Sciences and Humanities
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School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH) at Nazarbayev University is one of the University’s largest Schools offering undergraduate students world-class Bachelor of Science in Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, and Physics or Bachelor of arts in Anthropology, Economics, History, Political Science & International Relations, Sociology, and Languages & Literature.
We also offer Masters Degrees in Biology, Chemistry, Economics, Eurasian Studies, Math, Physics, and Political Science & International Relations and for doctoral students we offer PhDs in the Sciences as well as Eurasian Studies.
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Item Open Access 19th International Conference on Turkish Linguistics(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2018-08-17)The Organizing Committee would like to thank… At Nazarbayev University Assel Sadykova (executive director, School of Humanities and Social Sciences), Aigerim Nurgaliyeva, Lazzat Sundetova, Ainur Yerezhepekova, Meruyert Mukanova, and Anel Kaddesova, colleagues, and student volunteers. At the International Turkic Academy President Darkhan Kydyrali, colleagues, and staff. At L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University Rector Erlan Syzdykov and colleagues, staff, and student volunteers. The members of the ICTL 19 Program Committee and anonymous reviewers. The participants in the cultural program from Nazarbayev University and L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Lars Johanson, Éva Á. Csató, and A. Sumru Özsoy for their encouragement to host ICTL 19 in Astana, as well as Mehmet-Ali Akinci for his kind support during the organization of the conference.Item Open Access 2D BI2SE3 VAN DER WAALS EPITAXY ON MICA FOR OPTOELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS(MDPI, 2020-08-22) Wang, Shifeng; Li, Yong; Ng, Annie; Hu, Qing; Zhou, Qianyu; Li, Xin; Liu, HaoBi2Se3 possesses a two-dimensional layered rhombohedral crystal structure, where the quintuple layers (QLs) are covalently bonded within the layers but weakly held together by van der Waals forces between the adjacent QLs. It is also pointed out that Bi2Se3 is a topological insulator, making it a promising candidate for a wide range of electronic and optoelectronic applications. In this study, we investigate the growth of high-quality Bi2Se3 thin films on mica by the molecular beam epitaxy technique. The films exhibited a layered structure and highly c-axis-preferred growth orientation with an XRD rocking curve full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 0.088◦ , clearly demonstrating excellent crystallinity for the Bi2Se3 deposited on the mica substrate. The growth mechanism was studied by using an interface model associated with the coincidence site lattice unit (CSLU) developed for van der Waals epitaxies. This high (001) texture favors electron transport in the material. Hall measurements revealed a mobility of 726 cm2 /(Vs) at room temperature and up to 1469 cm2 /(Vs) at 12 K. The results illustrate excellent electron mobility arising from the superior crystallinity of the films with significant implications for applications in conducting electrodes in optoelectronic devices on flexible substrates.Item Open Access A Plague on both your Houses(2006) Morrison, Alexander StephenI wrote this article in response to a polemical debate between Niall Ferguson and Priyamvada Gopal in the pages of the Guardian in 2006. I had hoped that it might be published in the comment pages, but no such luck... It deals with the unjustified assumptions which parties on both sides of this debate make about the omnipotence of Imperial Rule.Item Open Access ACCRETION DISK LUMINOSITY FOR BLACK HOLES SURROUNDED BY DARK MATTER WITH ANISOTROPIC PRESSURE(The Astrophysical Journal, 2021) Boshkayev, Kuantay; Giamb`o, Roberto; Konysbayev, Talgar; Kurmanov, Ergali; Luongo, Orlando; Malafarina, Daniele; Quevedo, HernandoWe investigate the luminosity of the accretion disk for a static black hole surrounded by dark matter with anisotropic pressure. We calculate all basic orbital parameters of test particles in the accretion disk, such as angular velocity, angular momentum, energy and radius of the innermost circular stable orbit as functions of the dark matter density, radial pressure and anisotropic param eter, which establishes the relationship between the radial and tangential pressures. We show that the presence of dark matter with anisotropic pressure makes a noticeable difference in the geometry around a Schwarzschild black hole, affecting the radiative flux, differential luminosity and spectral luminosity of the accretion disk.Item Open Access ACCRETION DISK LUMINOSITY FOR BLACK HOLES SURROUNDED BY DARK MATTER WITH ANISOTROPIC PRESSURE(The Astrophysical Journal, 2022) Kurmanov, E.; Boshkayev, K.; Giambò, R.; Konysbayev, T.; Luongo, O.; Malafarina, D.; Quevedo, H.We investigate the luminosity of the accretion disk of a static black hole surrounded by dark matter with anisotropic pressure. We calculate all basic orbital parameters of test particles in the accretion disk, such as angular velocity, angular momentum, energy, and radius of the innermost circular stable orbit as functions of the dark matter density, radial pressure, and anisotropic parameter, which establishes the relationship between the radial and tangential pressures. We show that the presence of dark matter with anisotropic pressure makes a noticeable difference in the geometry around a Schwarzschild black hole, affecting the radiative flux, differential luminosity, and spectral luminosity of the accretion disk.Item Open Access ACOUSTIC WAVE GENERATION IN COLLAPSING MASSIVE STARS WITH CONVECTIVE SHELLS(Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2020) Abdikamalov, Ernazar; Foglizzo, ThierryThe convection that takes place in the innermost shells of massive stars plays an important role in the formation of core-collapse supernova explosions. Upon encountering the supernova shock, additional turbulence is generated, amplifying the explosion. In this work, we study how the convective perturbations evolve during the stellar collapse. Our main aim is to establish their physical properties right before they reach the supernova shock. To this end, we solve the linearized hydrodynamics equations perturbed on a stationary background flow. The latter is approximated by the spherical transonic Bondi accretion, while the convective perturbations are modelled as a combination of entropy and vorticity waves. We follow their evolution from large radii, where convective shells are initially located, down to small radii, where they are expected to encounter the accretion shock above the proto-neutron star. Considering typical vorticity perturbations with a Mach number ∼0.1 and entropy perturbations with magnitude ∼0.05kb/baryon, we find that the advection of these perturbations down to the shock generates acoustic waves with a relative amplitude δp/γ p 10 per cent, in agreement with published numerical simulations. The velocity perturbations consist of contributions from acoustic and vorticity waves with values reaching ∼10 per cent of the sound speed ahead of the shock. The perturbation amplitudes decrease with increasing and initial radii of the convective shellsItem Open Access ACTIVITY-BASED PROBES TO UTILIZE THE PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF CATHEPSIN G IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES(Frontiers in Chemistry, 2021-02-25) Burster, Timo; Gärtner, Fabian; Knippschild, Uwe; Zhanapiya, AnuarNeutrophils, migrating to the site of infection, are able to release serine proteases after being activated. These serine proteases comprise cathepsin G (CatG), neutrophil elastase protease 3 (PR3), and neutrophil serine protease 4 (NSP4). A disadvantage of the uncontrolled proteolytic activity of proteases is the outcome of various human diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, thrombosis, and autoimmune diseases. Activity-based probes (ABPs) are used to determine the proteolytic activity of proteases, containing a set of three essential elements: Warhead, recognition sequence, and the reporter tag for detection of the covalent enzyme activity–based probe complex. Here, we summarize the latest findings of ABP-mediated detection of proteases in both locations intracellularly and on the cell surface of cells, thereby focusing on CatG. Particularly, application of ABPs in regular flow cytometry, imaging flow cytometry, and mass cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) approaches is advantageous when distinguishing between immune cell subsets. ABPs can be included in a vast panel of markers to detect proteolytic activity and determine whether proteases are properly regulated during medication. The use of ABPs as a detection tool opens the possibility to interfere with uncontrolled proteolytic activity of proteases by employing protease inhibitors.Item Open Access ACTIVITY-BASED PROBES TO UTILIZE THE PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF CATHEPSIN G IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES(Frontiers in Chemistry, 2021) Burster, Timo; Gärtner, Fabian; Knippschild, Uwe; Zhanapiya, AnuarNeutrophils, migrating to the site of infection, are able to release serine proteases after being activated. These serine proteases comprise cathepsin G (CatG), neutrophil elastase protease 3 (PR3), and neutrophil serine protease 4 (NSP4). A disadvantage of the uncontrolled proteolytic activity of proteases is the outcome of various human diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, thrombosis, and autoimmune diseases. Activity-based probes (ABPs) are used to determine the proteolytic activity of proteases, containing a set of three essential elements: Warhead, recognition sequence, and the reporter tag for detection of the covalent enzyme activity-based probe complex. Here, we summarize the latest findings of ABP-mediated detection of proteases in both locations intracellularly and on the cell surface of cells, thereby focusing on CatG. Particularly, application of ABPs in regular flow cytometry, imaging flow cytometry, and mass cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) approaches is advantageous when distinguishing between immune cell subsets. ABPs can be included in a vast panel of markers to detect proteolytic activity and determine whether proteases are properly regulated during medication. The use of ABPs as a detection tool opens the possibility to interfere with uncontrolled proteolytic activity of proteases by employing protease inhibitors.Item Open Access ACTIVITY-BASED PROBES TO UTILIZE THE PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF CATHEPSIN G IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES(Front. Chem., 2021-02-25) Burster, Timo; Gärtner, Fabian; Knippschild, Uwe; Zhanapiya, AnuarNeutrophils, migrating to the site of infection, are able to release serine proteases after being activated. These serine proteases comprise cathepsin G (CatG), neutrophil elastase protease 3 (PR3), and neutrophil serine protease 4 (NSP4). A disadvantage of the uncontrolled proteolytic activity of proteases is the outcome of various human diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, thrombosis, and autoimmune diseases. Activity-based probes (ABPs) are used to determine the proteolytic activity of proteases, containing a set of three essential elements: Warhead, recognition sequence, and the reporter tag for detection of the covalent enzyme activity–based probe complex. ...Item Open Access Adaptive numerical homogenization for upscaling single phase flow and transport(ELSEVIER, 2019-03-05) Amanbek, Yerlan; Singh, Gurpreet; Wheeler, Mary F.; Duijn, HansvanWe propose an adaptive multiscale method to improve the efficiency and the accuracy of numerical computations by combining numerical homogenization and domain decomposition for modeling flow and transport. Our approach focuses on minimizing the use of fine scale properties associated with advection and diffusion/dispersion. Here a fine scale flow and transport problem is solved in subdomains defined by a transient region where spatial changes in transported species concentrations are large while a coarse scale problem is solved in the remaining subdomains. Away from the transient region, effective macroscopic properties are obtained using local numerical homogenization. An Enhanced Velocity Mixed Finite Element Method (EVMFEM) as a domain decomposition scheme is used to couple these coarse and fine subdomains [1]. Specifically, homogenization is employed here only when coarse and fine scale problems can be decoupled to extract temporal invariants in the form of effective parameters. In this paper, a number of numerical tests are presented for demonstrating the capabilities of this adaptive numerical homogenization approach in upscaling flow and transport in heterogeneous porous medium.Item Open Access Adoption of e-Government in the Republic of Kazakhstan(MDPI, 2020-07-09) Amanbek, Yerlan; Balgayev, Ilyas; Batyrkhanov, Kanat; Tan, MargaretInformation and Communication Technology has been gaining importance in the economy of Kazakhstan, the largest landlocked country. In this paper, we investigate the factors that influence Kazakhstan’s e-Government portal use at the informational stage and describe the challenges encountered by citizens while using the portal. Statistical analysis is performed on a web-based questionnaire survey targeted at citizens of Kazakhstan. The technology acceptance model is used as a methodology to measure attitude towards portal usage. This paper also discusses the barriers that can restrict the successful adoption of e-Government services. The results show that awareness among citizens is high and they perceive the portal to be useful, but only a limited percentage of citizens actually use it regularly. The results of this paper could be used to help the IT managers of the portal to improve the management of informational content and maintain more effective adoption among citizens.Item Open Access ‘Alien’ Lamas: Russian Policy toward Foreign Buddhist Clergy in the Eighteenth to Early Twentieth Centuries(Inner Asia, 2012) Tsyrempilov, NikolayThis article analyses the Russian policy towards foreign Buddhist clergy who penetrated into the Russian Empire from Mongolia and Tibet between the eighteenth and early twentieth centuries. Drawing on archive materials, the origins of this policy are identified. The attitude of the official Buddhist administration of East Siberia led by Khambo Lama to the so- called alien lamas is discussed.Item Open Access ALMOST PERIODIC SOLUTIONS OF FUZZY SHUNTING INHIBITORY CNNS WITH DELAYS(AIMS Mathematics, 2022) Kashkynbayev, Ardak; Koptileuova, Moldir; Issakhanov, Alfarabi; Cao, JindeIn the present paper, we prove the existence of unique almost periodic solutions to fuzzy shunting inhibitory cellular neural networks (FSICNN) with several delays. Further, by means of Halanay inequality we analyze the global exponential stability of these solutions and obtain corresponding convergence rate. The results of this paper are new, and they are concluded with numerical simulations confirming them.Item Open Access Aluminum foil as a substrate for metal enhanced fluorescence of bacteria labelled with quantum dots, shows very large enhancement and high contrast(Elsevier, 2020-02-21) Sultangaziyev, Alisher; Akhmetova, Aktilek; Kunushpayeva, Zhanar; Rapikov, Alisher; Olena, Filchakova; Bukasov, RostislavVery high surface/metal enhanced fluorescence was observed for E. coli single bacteria cells labeled with composite CdSeS/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) on three substrates: aluminum foil, aluminum film and gold film. The enhancement factors relative to maximum fluorescence intensity on glass for those substrates were in the range of several hundred (up to 500) for two-excitation wavelengths 532 and 633 nm. Contrast as a ratio of signals from QD labeled to signals of QD unlabeled (control) cells was also in the range of 100 s for those substrates and the highest contrast of 370 was observed on Al film. When CdTe QDs were used for labelling cells on all substrates or when fluorescence from cells with both QDs was measured on silver film, low or no enhancement was observed. Overall, untreated aluminum foil demonstrated great potential as low-cost substrate for surface/metal enhanced fluorescence, which delivers even more reproducible signal than gold film.Item Open Access Amlākdārs, Khwājas and Mulk land in the Zarafshan Valley after the Russian Conquest(2013) Morrison, Alexander StephenThis paper is a revision and correction of Chapter 3 of my 2008 monograph ('Russian Rule in Samarkand') in which I made a number of errors and misjudgements. The most glaring of these was to confuse a Bukharan tax official (the amlakdar) with the owner of 'mulk' (a category of landed property which usually carried some form of tax exemption). I have disentangled these, added some further evidence, and reconsidered the evidence which I put forward in my book. I argue that Russian attempts to implement at what is sometimes called 'land reform' in the Zarafshan Valley in the 1860s and 1870s are better understood as a fiscal measure, rather than anything to do with property rights. The Russians found the Bukharan land tax system impossible to understand, and so proceeded to dismantle it, abolishing the annual assessment of the quantity and value of the harvest (which had been the responsibility of the amlakdar) and also refusing to recognise claims made by religious elites in the region that they were entitled to tax breaks on their mulk property. However, the system the Russians put in place instead placed enormous power in the hands of village oligarchies, ensuring that at the lower levels the Russians had little control over how the tax burden was allocated, and almost certainly collected far less than their Bukharan predecessors. The Russians also failed in their attempt to have the region's land declared the patrimony of the state. The paradoxical result was that, at least in the Zarafshan Valley (and quite possibly in other sedentary regions of Central Asia) the advent of the colonial regime meant a reduced tax burden, less state oversight, and security of property at least equal to what had existed before.Item Open Access "An Interesting Geographical Change" : Hedin, Stein and Huntington's surveys of climate change(2012-11-09) Forêt, PhilippeStudying the contribution of the lakes of Central Asia to the discovery of global warming must touch on science policy in the early 20th century, the uneasy relationship that learned Europe used to have with the environmental history of colonial Asia, and the production and mobility of new and potentially troubling knowledge. I intend to provide an account of how three independent scholars engaged the Royal Geographical Society of London and the international geography community. I will intertwine their maps, private letters, travelogues and scientific reports from the field with the history of theorizing on climate change. My analysis of Sven Hedin, Ellsworth Huntington and Aurel Stein's interactions with their colleagues promises to challenge the current narrative on the discovery of global warming.Item Open Access ANALYSIS OF DEAD CORE FORMATION IN CATALYTIC REACTION AND DIFUSION PROCESSES WITH GENERALIZED DIFUSION FUX(Scientific Reports, 2022) Skrzypacz, Piotr; Kabduali, Bek; Kadyrbek, Alua; Szafert, Sławomir; Andreev, Vsevolod; Golman, BorisDead-core and non-dead-core solutions to the nonlinear diffusion–reaction equation based on the generalized diffusion flux with gradient-dependent diffusivity and the power-law reaction kinetics in catalyst slabs are established. The formation of dead zones where the reactant concentration vanishes is characterized by the critical Thiele modulus that is derived as a function of reaction order and diffusion exponent in the generalized diffusion flux. The effects of reaction order and diffusion exponent on the reactant concentration distribution in the slab and dead-zone length are analyzed. It is particularly demonstrated that by contrast to the model based on the standard Fick’s diffusion, dead-core solutions exist in the case of first-order reactions. Also, the relationship between critical Thiele moduli for models based on the generalized and standard Fick’s diffusion fluxes is established.Item Open Access ANALYSIS OF LANDAU–LIFSHITZ AND NEO-HOOKEAN MODELS FOR STATIC AND DYNAMIC ACOUSTOELASTIC TESTING(Physica Scripta, 2022) Melnikov, Andrey; Malcolm, Alison E; Poduska, Kristin MA comparison of three different isotropic non-linear elastic models uncovers subtle but important differences in the acoustoelastic responses of a material slab that is subjected to dynamic deformations during a pump-probe experiment. The probe wave deformations are small and are superimposed on larger underlying deformations using three different models: Landau–Lifshitz (using itsfourth-order extension), compressible neo-Hookean model(properly accountingfor volumetric deformations), and an alternative neo-Hookeanmodel(fully decoupled energies due to distortional isochoric and volumetric deformations). The analyses yield elasticity tensors and respective expressionsfor the propagation speeds of P-wave and S-wave probesfor each model. Despite having many similarities, the different models give different predictions of which probe wave types will have speeds that are perturbed by different pump wave types. The analyses also show a conceptual inconsistency in the Landau–Lifshitz model, that a simple shear deformation induces a stress and a shear wave probe speed that depend on the second-order elastic constantλ, which controls resistance to volumetric changes and thus should not be present in the expressionsfor shear stress and shear wave probe speeds. Thus, even though the Landau–Lifshitz model is widely used, it may not always be the best option to model experimental data.Item Open Access Analytical and numerical investigations of thecollapse of blood vessels with nonlinear wallmaterial embedded in nonlinear soft tissues(Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2018-11-22) Ghazy, Mohammed; Elgindi, Mohamed B.; Wei, DongmingIn this paper, shapes of nonlinear blood vessels, surrounded by nonlinear soft tissues,and buckled due to radial pressure are solved for analytically and numerically. The blood flow ratesthrough the bucked shapes are then computed numerically. A Fung-type isotropic hyperelasticstress-strain constitutive equation is used to establish a nonlinear mathematical model for radialbuckling of blood vessels...Item Open Access ANALYTICAL INVERSE DESIGN OF POLARIZATION-INSENSITIVE PHOTONIC FILTERS BY TAILORING FABRY-PEROT INTERFERENCE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2020-07-28) Valagiannopoulos, ConstantinosFiltering of photonic signals of a certain frequency while suppressing all the others of a specific band for both electromagnetic signal polarizations, becomes possible with a single dielectric layer by properly engineering the occurred Fabry-Perot interference. Analytical formulas for combinations of cavity size, material texture and incoming angle are given so that the filtering purpose is optimally served. In this way, inverse design for a simple class of optical setups is rigorously performed and, if the employed medium is very dense and the working band narrow enough, sharp filters with increased frequency selectivity are obtained.