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Nazarbayev University Repository (NUR) is an institutional electronic archive designed for the long-term preservation, aggregation, and dissemination of scientific research outcomes and intellectual property produced by the Nazarbayev University community and affiliated organizations.

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Recent Submissions

Access status: Open Access ,
Intelligent diagnosis of breast cancer using IR thermography, thermal modeling and AI
(Nazarbayev University School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, 2022-04-29) Dyussembinov, Darkhan
There is a high chance of developing breast cancer in women and it remains to be one of the prevalent diseases from which women suffer. However, early detection and appropriate measures increase the chance of surviving. Specialists can overlook 10-30% of signs of breast cancer in mammograms. In this paper we suggest using machine learning (ML) algorithms with deep learning, namely, Bayesian Network (BN). In this paper 2 BN models designed to predict breast cancer based on medical information and thermography are presented. The data from "Multifunctional Medical Center" of the Nur-Sultan city were obtained, which includes 40 patients. The models are trained through Tree Augmented Naive Bayes algorithm, and robustness is verified through k-folds method. The models show high performance despite small sample size, with low amount of misdiagnosed cases. Overall accuracy for the two models is 85% and 95%. Mean temperature and standard deviation were found to be main predictors, as well as a predictor variable obtained from a CNN model. Future works are aimed at enlarging the dataset and improving the balance between the number of positive and negative diagnoses to improve the model's performance.
Access status: Open Access ,
Popular medications in post-soviet space, which are not endorsed by western guidelines: knowledge, beliefs, and attitude toward them among physicians, pharmacists, and general population
(Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, 2021) Tapinova, Karina; La Fleur, Philip
Background: Viferon, Hylak Forte, and Ceraxon (VHC) are commonly used in post-soviet space and recommended by Kazakhstan clinical guidelines. However, they are not mentioned in Western guidelines. Viferon contains interferon, and is given in oral, rectal, and topical form; Hylak Forte contains metabolites of Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus helveticus; and Ceraxon is citikoline sodium, which is an intermediate in the synthesis of phospholipids and is supposed to be neuroprotective. Aim: to investigate practice, attitude, and level of knowledge of the efficacy of VHC among physicians, pharmacists, and general population of post-soviet countries with the main focus on Kazakhstan. Methods: Online-survey was conducted among three target groups of population: physicians (N=174), pharmacists (N=28), and patients (N=124). Chi-square test was used to find associations between sociodemographic data and knowledge, attitude, and practice. Interviews was conducted among 6 physicians and 2 pharmacists. Results and conclusions: Although most of physicians and pharmacists have prescribed or recommended VHC, knowledge of their ingredients and indications is low. There are a lot of doubts about VHC among all three groups of respondents. English language acquisition was associated with more doubts about these products.
Access status: Open Access ,
Issue 1 - Comparative Study on the Differences in Climate Change Mitigation Between Systems with Different Sizes of the Winning Coalition: CO2 Emissions in Focus
(2025) Akhmetova, Rabiga; Bolat, Aruzhan; Saparova, Jayna; Dyussembekova, Madina
The scholarly opinion on how autocracies, democracies, and other factors within those systems affect environmental performance appears to be controversial but promising for future research. Applying the selectorate theory, we attempt to examine the difference in the provision of a clean environment as a public good in systems with larger and smaller sizes of the winning coalition. We found no significant empirical evidence to support the notion that systems with larger winning coalitions are less likely to adopt a policy, and we argue that they are associated with lower carbon dioxide emissions than those with smaller coalitions. This might be because in the former systems, the policy enforcement mechanisms and thus their implementation are expected to be more efficient. Also, we notice that the regime subtypes of democracy and autocracy can suggest other answers to the question of what specific institutional system is associated with a certain level of emissions. Though the results shown by autocracies generally support the theory, those of democracies show some deviance; specifically, liberal democracies do not show an expected reduction in CO2 emissions with increases in the winning coalition. However, in general, our findings align with the selectorate theory, meaning that the theory’s underpinnings could be extended to another public good - clean air.
Access status: Open Access ,
Issue 1 - Knowledge Production About Dzhatak Kazakhs: Fragmented Imperial Representations of Settled Poor by Russian Ethnographers, Public Writers, and Bureaucrats (1890-1900s)
(2025) Kudaibergen, Yersultan
This article examines how the Russian Empire conceptualized and represented dzhatak Kazakhs—formerly nomadic individuals who settled due to the colonial dispossession—in the framework of late imperial knowledge production. Drawing on ethnographic surveys, frontier bureaucratic reports, and articles from the Kirgizskaia Stepnaia Gazeta (1894–1904), the study explores how these sources with unique expertise and goals framed dzhataks as both symbols of progress and objects of disorder. Ethnographic expeditions, particularly the Shcherbina survey, portrayed dzhataks as reluctant but ultimately adaptable pioneers of sedentarization, legitimizing Russian colonization through a civilizing mission narrative. In turn, newspaper articles employed “strategic sensationalism” to depict dzhataks as impoverished, criminalized urban dwellers, both critiquing and reinforcing the empire’s reformist ideals. Meanwhile, intelligence reports by district chiefs cast dzhataks as subversive figures—susceptible to manipulation, Islamic mobilization, and administrative disorder—thereby justifying surveillance and coercive reforms. Rather than offering objective insight, these sources reveal tensions within the imperial knowledge regime, balancing between bureaucratic immediacy of action, emotional public discourse, and scholarly authority. In line with Gregory Afinogenov’s framework, the article argues that late imperial knowledge about the Kazakh Steppe was shaped by overlapping yet divergent aims—strategic governance, intellectual prestige, and ideological legitimation. The figure of the dzhatak, thus, illuminates broader contradictions in Russia’s colonial project that sets integration as a goal and yet produces marginalization, struggling to justify Imperial order and rationalize its detrimental consequences.
Access status: Open Access ,
Issue 1 - The Last Word of the Biy: Land Disputes in the 19th Century Middle Zhuz of the Kazakh Steppe
(2025) Gaziz, Zhan
The 19th century was a period of radical changes in Kazakhstan's traditional social and political culture, primarily related to the colonial policy of the Russian Empire. During this period Kazakhs experienced the destruction of popular institutions, which for centuries served as a support for the authorities and the people. This article examines how exactly these reforms caused the dissolution of institutions such as adat, set of unwritten legal customs passed down orally from generation to generation, and biys, popularly recognized clan leaders with judicial, administrative, and military authority. Using unpublished land dispute cases from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan and 19th century legal codes of the Russian Empire, the article reconstructs the gradual process of decline of these institutions. I argue that the legal and administrative reforms of 1822 and 1868 were the main contributors to the loss of legitimacy and power of biys. The findings complement the existing historical and legal literature, especially with the analysis of land disputes, as the most significant indicator of the decline of traditional institutions. The research also helps to better understand and re-evaluate the concepts of legitimacy, legal culture, and the sustainability of local institutions in the face of an encounter between the empire and the colony.