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Recent Submissions

Access status: Open Access ,
Examining How Integrating Non-Cash Payment And BNPL/ Consumer Loans Affected Short-Term Inflation In Kazakhstan(And Its Long-Term Effect)
(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Business, 2025-12-08) Kengeskhan, Ilias; Dr. David De Remer
The research is devoted to assessing whether the rapid digitalization of retail payments and the expansion of BNPL consumer lending have led to significant changes in the inflation rates in Kazakhstan. Specifically, it examines the extent to which the integration of non-cash payments and consumer loans has affected the short-term inflation, and whether it has modified the long-term relationship between the price dynamics and fundamental macroeconomic factors. The study has utilized a newly formed monthly dataset for 2016–2025, combining standard macroeconomic indicators (CPI, base rate, exchange rate, Brent crude oil price, M2 money supply, inflation expectations) with detailed payment behavior indicators (non-cash transaction volume, cash withdrawals, number of POS terminals, consumer/BNPL loans). The Phillips–Perron tests demonstrate that most variables are integrated to the order I(1) in the levels and static in the first differences, which motivates the application of VAR models in the changes, as well as the utilization of Johansen's cointegration approach and error correction models (ECMs) in the levels. The empirical strategy has been implemented in three stages. First, we estimated the basic and extended VAR models on monthly basis, analyzing impulse responses and forecast quality (MSE/MAE, Mincer-Zarnowitz regressions, Diebold-Mariano tests). Second, the models were re-estimated on pre- and post-COVID subsamples to understand whether the sharp rise in non-cash payments after 2020 coincided with the change in the transmission mode of inflation shocks. Third, we estimated ECM models that allowed us to separate the long-term united movement of variables from short-term dynamics and compare the results with the VAR estimates. The Holtz orderliness, lag length, and impulse response horizon have been used as checks. The results demonstrate that the main short-term drivers of inflation remain the standard macroeconomic shocks—primarily, money supply growth, inflation expectations, and, to a lesser extent, the base rate. Adding indicators of non-cash payments, POS terminals, and consumer loans had actually no effect on impulse responses to macroeconomic shocks; while the shocks to payment variables themselves induced only small, short-term, and statistically weak effects on Δ(y/y) of the CPI and did not lead to a significant improvement in the forecast accuracy. ECM estimates show that digitalization indicators have correlated with the long-term price levels, while having almost no effect on monthly inflation after accounting for macroeconomic controls. Overall, the findings indicate that the rapid digitalization of payments and the expansion of the BNPL segment in Kazakhstan have not become a significant independent source of short-term inflation, but rather a part of broader structural and technological process of economic adaptation.
Access status: Open Access ,
NU GSE Research in Education, Volume 8, Issue 2. 2025. Table of Contents
(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Education, 2025)
Access status: Open Access ,
Kazakhstan's Foreign University Branches: A Policy Analysis of Their Role in addressing Intellectual Migration
(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Education, 8 (2), 2025) Sagyntay, Maira
In this paper, I examine how recent policy can reverse educational migration in Kazakhstan by launching branches of foreign universities in different regions of the country. In order to increase the attractiveness of higher and postgraduate education and better position Kazakhstani higher educational institutions (HEIs) in the international educational space, the implementation of an internationalization strategy was developed, including the creation of favorable conditions for learning (infrastructure, grants, scholarships, etc.), information mechanisms, and simplification of the student visa appli-cation process. By 2029, at least 12 branches and representative offices of prestigious foreign universities in Kazakhstan have been planned. This will enable the transformation of the management system and the intro-duction of international educational standards into the content of education and the learning process, including teacher training (Adilet Zan, 2023).
Access status: Open Access ,
Latinization of Kazakh - Implications for Language Policy, National Identity and Education in Kazakhstan
(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Education, 8 (2), 2025) Saidalin, Tamerlan; Baimetov, Muzaffar
After gaining independence in 1991, Kazakhstan’s first president, Nursultan Nazarbayev, focused his policies on reinforcing the ethnic identity of Kazakhs and their dominance over other nationalities (Svanberg, 1994, as cited in Bekzhanova & Makoelle, 2022). This emphasis on national identity positioned language as a tool for decolonization (Bekzhanova & Makoelle, 2022). The transition from the Cyrillic to the Latin alphabet represents a major shift in Kazakhstan’s language policy, carrying long-term educational, social, and political consequences. While the reform aims to modernize the Kazakh language, strengthen national identity, and facilitate integration into the global economy, its implementation has raised concerns regarding teacher preparedness, accessibility for minority communities, and potential disruptions to literacy development (Bekzhanova & Makoelle, 2022). As the script change seems politically ambitious, it is slow in its implementation (du Boulay & du Boulay, 2021). Latinization is a step toward national modernization; however, its current implementation strategy lacks sufficient support mechanisms for educators and students, leading to challenges in adoption and inclusivity. The absence of a comprehensive transition framework has resulted in confusion among teachers, inconsistencies in instructional materials, and the marginalization of Rus-sian-speaking and multilingual communities (Bekzhanova & Makoelle, 2022). Furthermore, the reform risks educational disparities, as students from diverse linguistic back-grounds struggle to adapt to the new script. This paper critically examines the factors and consequences of Latinization and its implication. By analyzing these factors, the study aims to provide policy recommendations to ensure a more equitable and effective transition to the Latin script.
Access status: Open Access ,
To What Extent Should Translanguaging Be Encouraged in English-Medium Instruction Classrooms
(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Education, 8 (2), 2025) Virtue Ifeoma Ayozie
Recent research has focused on the importance of translanguaging in English-Medium Instruction (EMI) classrooms in multilingual settings and higher education. According to Chicherina and Strelkova’s (2023) research roughly 85% of both tutors and students view translanguaging as a productive tool to enhance commu-nication in EMI classrooms. This editorial paper will first examine how translanguaging should be encouraged in EMI classrooms and indicate the benefits and challenges of encouraging translanguaging in these classrooms.