02. Master's Thesis
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Item Embargo BUILDING A COMPREHENSIVE SOCIAL IMPACT MEASUREMENT FRAMEWORK FOR UNICEF: INTEGRATING ESG PRINCIPLES AND ADDRESSING CHALLENGES OF AGGREGATION(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-11-03) Aben, Dauren; Mukhambetzhanov, Daulet; Kanatbayeva, ShynarThis paper constructs an overall social impact measurement model for UNICEF, integrating ESG principles that shall enhance program effectiveness and accountability. We adopt a mixed-methods approach: we conduct document analysis from UNICEF annual reports from the year 2000 to 2023, perform quantitative regression analyses of health and education outcomes, and conduct the collection of insights from stakeholders via surveys and interviews. The findings also reveal that while environmental and social dimensions have increasingly been incorporated into the frameworks of UNICEF, much is yet to be done about its governance dimensions, which may hinder transparency and accountability. The regression results highlight that health investments by UNICEF, in actuality, cut down the under-five mortality rates; therefore, the programs are effective. On the other hand, it is found that investment in education is unrelated to enrollment rates, thus signaling systemic issues beyond financial inputs. This is further corroborated by the call from stakeholders for increased integration of ESG, with a higher emphasis on governance practices that would help inspire confidence and create better long-term outcomes. In building upon such a strategy are suggestions for increased integration within the strategic framework regarding governance, coherence in data collection methodologies, stakeholder outreach, advanced data analytics, and management software. This conceptual framework would position UNICEF to better measure and communicate its social impact, aligning it with the Sustainable Development Goals by building on the outcomes of sustainable development.Item Open Access FACTORS THAT IMPACT STUDENTS’ SATISFACTION WITH MEDICAL CARE AT THE NAZARBAYEV UNIVERSITY HEALTH CENTER(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-11) Zhumanov, Kanat; Kyzyrbayeva, Dinara; Sadvakassov, AskarThe objective of this research is to identify and assess the factors affecting students’ overall satisfaction with the quality of healthcare services provided by the UHC at Nazarbayev University. NU1 is widely recognized as one of the leading higher education institutions in Central Asia and it has its own medical center - UHC, which was established in 2018. UHC has since focused on achieving high standards in its services to meet the healthcare needs of NU’s growing student and staff population. The UHC employs 65 staff members, including both healthcare specialists and administrative personnel.Item Open Access ETHNO-MEDIATION IN CONFLICT PREVENTION: AN INSIGHT ON THE COUNCIL OF AKSAKALS AND THE COUNCIL OF MOTHERS(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-11) Abylgazina, Kuralay; Abirbek, Sauryk; Onyinyechi Doris ChimaThis study examines the role of traditional councils, in particular the Council of Aksakals and Mothers, in ethnomediation and conflict prevention in Kazakhstan. It focuses on the events in Kordai district in 2020 to analyze the extent to which state policies, media narratives, and public perceptions converge or diverge in their approaches to resolving interethnic tensions. Using a qualitative methodology, the study includes analysis of state policies, media discourse, and interviews with local residents, government officials, and experts to assess the effectiveness and challenges of existing conflict management mechanisms. The results reveal significant gaps between centralized and formalized state policies, media criticism of their rigidity and delays, and public trust in informal mechanisms based on cultural traditions. State policies emphasize national unity and integration through formal structures such as the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, while the media highlights socio-economic inequalities and lack of responsiveness. Local communities trust the Councils of Aksakals and Mothers for their local mediation efforts, but acknowledge their limitations due to the lack of institutional support...Item Embargo ANALYZING THE FACTOR-POINT SCALE OF PAY FOR CIVIL SERVANTS: EXPLORING BENEFITS, DRAWBACKS, AND EVALUATING ITS IMPACT ON HUMAN RESOURCES(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-11-17) Janzakova, Urkiya; Omarov, Daniyal; Kairolda, AzamatThis study is a comprehensive analysis of the Factor-Point Scale of Pay model applied in Kazakhstan’s civil service. It researches the impact of the FPS compensation system on different dimensions of the civil service such as recruitment, retention, and overall performance of civil servants. With the use of a mixed-methods approach, the study analyses the work and influence of the Astana Civil Service Hub (ACSH) as a primary venue for research. By assessing how effectively the Factor-Point Scale of Pay aligns with the country’s strategical objectives for the civil service excellence. Throughout the research, the study uncovered both the strengths and weaknesses of the compensation model. It highlighted the system’s positive aspects, such as its objective and transparent nature, which contribute to fairness and trust within the civil service. However, the research also shed light on potential drawbacks, such as the system’s rigidity in rewarding exceptional performance and its possible impact on talent acquisition and retention. The core findings emphasized the need for a nuanced understanding of how the Factor-Point Scale operates within the specific context of Kazakhstan. This includes considering the system’s adaptability to market-driven changes and its ability to attract and retain top talent within the civil service. As an outcome of the study a several recommendations were developed in order to support the continious implementation of FPS and its improvement. These recommendations are focused on enhancing flexibility within the compensation model, aligning it more precisely with evolving market trends, and leveraging the expertise of ACSH in enhancing the capacity of the civil service in Kazakhstan and fostering the innovation. Ultimately, the research aimed to contribute to the evolution of a more responsive, efficient, and motivated civil service system in Kazakhstan.Item Embargo EVALUATION OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION MODELS IN UZBEKISTAN(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-11-17) Tomashpayeva, Sabina; Karimsakov, TimurThis study evaluates UNICEF-supported alternative Early Childhood Education (ECE) models in Uzbekistan, addressing challenges in access, equity, and quality of preschool education. The research hypothesizes that these models significantly improve coverage, accessibility, and quality standards, particularly for children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study integrates quantitative and qualitative data to assess the effectiveness, scalability, and sustainability of these alternative models. Data collection included interviews with teachers, surveys with parents, and a review of national policies and administrative records. Findings indicate that the alternative ECE centers effectively increased enrollment among marginalized groups and improved children’s readiness for school, meeting the national Early Learning Development Standards (ELDS). However, challenges such as teacher retention, inconsistent training, and resource constraints impact the program's scalability and long-term sustainability. The study highlights the importance of addressing systemic disparities in preschool education and provides actionable recommendations to improve service delivery. These include standardizing teacher training, enhancing monitoring systems, and developing mechanisms to ensure financial and operational sustainability. By addressing these gaps, UNICEF and the Government of Uzbekistan can further strengthen ECE programs to ensure equitable access and high-quality education for all children.Item Open Access EMPLOYABILITY OF DISABLED PERSONS IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR OF ASTANA CITY WITH A FOCUS ON THE DEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL PROTECTION IN THE AKIMAT OF ASTANA(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-11-03) Tleuberdi, Abylaikhan; Toibayeva, Assyl; Yesbossynova, AinurThis study examines the employment challenges faced by persons with disabilities (PWDs) in the private sector in Astana, focusing on issues related to job accessibility, workplace inclusivity, and retention. Despite government subsidies and policies aimed at increasing employability, significant barriers remain. Participants in this study included PWDs seeking employment, representatives of the Department of Employment and Social Protection, private sector employers, and NGO stakeholders. Using a mixed methods approach, data were collected through surveys, interviews, and document reviews. Quantitative data were collected and analyzed via survey of PWDs, while qualitative data were thematically analyzed to identify prevailing challenges and patterns in the employment of PWDs. The results indicate that while financial incentives motivate initial hiring, they are insufficient to promote sustainable employment due to inadequate workplace conditions and limited retention efforts. The results highlight the need for more comprehensive policies that emphasize accessibility and long-term support systems in private organizations. This study contributes to the policy debate by providing evidence-based recommendations aimed at creating a more inclusive labor market for persons with disabilities in Astana, ultimately promoting both economic and social inclusion.Item Open Access PER CAPITA FUNDING INSTRUMENT FOR SUBSIDIZING INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN KAZAKHSTAN(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-11-17) Shaidarova, Karina; Nurbekova, Elmira; Baishan, AlmasThis study critically evaluates Kazakhstan's per capita funding instrument for inclusive education, designed to allocate funds based on student enrollment to support equitable access for students with special needs. Introduced in 2018 as a pilot program, the instrument has since expanded nationwide; however, gaps remain between policy goals and practice, with challenges around funding adequacy, inconsistent implementation, and varied practitioner perspectives. Using a mixed-methods approach, including surveys and interviews with educational staff, this research identifies critical issues, such as insufficient resources, lack of standardization across regions, and disparities in tutor workloads. Findings reveal an average effectiveness rating of 6.4 out of 10, underscoring areas for improvement. Administrative staff reported greater challenges with operational implementation compared to school management, highlighting a need for unified training. Major recommendations include separating fixed operational costs from per capita funds, providing differentiated pay for tutors based on workload, and establishing robust monitoring mechanisms. These adjustments aim to improve the instrument’s transparency and accountability, ensuring that funds are used effectively to meet inclusive education goals. Overall, the study emphasizes that while the per capita funding instrument holds potential, substantive reforms are required to align it with Kazakhstan’s goals for inclusive education. Implementing these recommendations could bridge policy-practice gaps, fostering a more equitable and effective system for inclusive education funding.Item Open Access POLICIES TO INCREASE ATTRACTION OF INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS: THE CASE OF NAZARBAYEV UNIVERSITY(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-11-03) Shokayeva, Dinara; Taiganov, Nurlan; Kenzhegarinova, ShynarItem Open Access IMPLEMENTATION OF SEPARATE HOUSEHOLD WASTE COLLECTION IN ASTANA(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-11-03) Orazbakova, Aida; Sadyrbayeva, Zhibek; Totayev, AlmazThe growing waste management challenges in Astana, Kazakhstan, particularly with municipal solid waste, highlight the importance and necessity of separate waste collection at the household level. With separate waste collection, the targeted 40% rate of recycling could be achieved. This research investigates the current obstacles to the implementation of separate waste collection in Astana and what can be done to improve the situation. Through mixed-methods research, including surveys among the population of Astana city and interviews with the Ministry of Ecology and natural resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan, employees at waste collection companies, and representatives of the local population, the study identifies issues related to the lack of infrastructure, inefficiency in the whole waste management process, insufficient awareness of the population about proper waste management, cultural resistance to change, and absence of appropriate legislation. Key suggestions include increasing private sector involvement, focusing on enhancing public education and strengthening policy enforcement to foster consistent, sustainable waste management practices. The findings contribute to understanding effective frameworks for separate waste collection and offer a foundation for advancing waste recycling efforts across Kazakhstan. However, introducing a system of financial remuneration or level of fines for non-compliance should be further researched. Overall, the proposed recommendations will be useful for everyone interested in improving waste management in Astana, and the local governing bodies across Kazakhstan.Item Open Access EFFICIENCY OF THE FUNCTIONING OF TWO STOCK EXCHANGES IN KAZAKHSTAN AND ISSUES RELATED TO THEIR SUBSEQUENT MERGER(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-11-03) Shayakhmetov, Arman; Kosbayeva, Aigerim; Abuova, AknarThe stock exchange is a fundamental part of the country's financial market, which, in turn, contributes to economic stability and growth. The effective functioning of stock exchanges is a crucial component of the modern financial system, which has a significant impact on the economic development of the country. Nowadays, the role of stock exchanges is in informing the investment environment and providing financial stability, which is becoming more important in the worldwide economic changes. In the context of Kazakhstan, there are two stock exchanges, namely, the KASE, operating under Kazakhstani law and the AIX, which exists within the jurisdiction of AIFC. Despite the fact that AIX and KASE are established in the form of private commercial entities, both stock exchanges are ultimately owned by the state body - the National Bank of the RK. Consequently, mentioned stock exchanges are subject to state regulation. The purpose of this research is to investigate some aspects of AIX and KASE related to their performance affecting the attractiveness of the RK’s financial market. Also, research strives to identify options for potential merger of stock exchanges in Kazakhstan. This research contains an introduction covering background facts, and establishing a basis for future research. There are major parts of the literature review explaining past international experience for the merger of stock exchanges, whose findings discover findings that can be applied to Kazakhstan’s experience and gaps that potentially can become a problem within and after the merger procedure. This research proposal also applies research methods by means of which data for the analysis shall be collected. Conclusion part provides recommendations for future actions to be performed in order to ensure smooth integration of merger in order to secure market participants from shocks and uncertainties.Item Open Access ANALYZING THE INFLUENCE OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON THE GASIFICATION IN ASTANA, KAZAKHSTAN(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-11-03) Tazhanov, Askar; Salykova, Alima; Kokybassova, UlzhanAbstract This study investigates the current heating methods, attitudes towards the gasification (switching from coal to natural gas for heating) and related challenges faced by households in Astana, Kazakhstan. Two central research questions guide this study: ‘What factors prevent families from transitioning from coal to gas as the primary fuel source for space heating?’ and ‘How do government policies shape the gasification rates in Astana?’. Utilizing mixed methods, including survey and interviews with key stakeholders, the research identifies significant trends and barriers in the adoption of natural gas for heating. The findings reveal a strong preference for natural gas due to its environmental benefits, convenience, and cost-effectiveness, with many households considering a switch from coal. However, significant obstacles include high upfront costs, technical barriers, and a predominant lack of awareness about government policies on gasification. The study recommends enhancing public awareness of gasification benefits and government support programs, improving gas infrastructure reliability, and updating the payment model to alleviate the financial burden. By addressing these challenges, the government can facilitate a smoother transition to natural gas, improving environmental and public health outcomes in Astana.Item Open Access TOURISM AS PART OF ECONOMIC GROWTH IN KAZAKHSTAN(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-11-03) Akhmetalimova, Aizhan; Aubakirov, Nurtilek; Nuerlan, AyijiangItem Restricted CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: THE CASE OF ONE-STOP-SHOPS (OSSS) IN KAZAKHSTAN(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2022-11-20) Abdullah, Mohammad Habib; Abdramanova, Dinara; Bekmagambetova, AspetSince their establishment in 2005, one of the major challenges at One-Stop-Shop Public Service Centers (OSS PSCs) in Kazakhstan has been the ineffectiveness of employees in providing better public services, mainly due to their maladaptation to the change (digitalization). Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to explore how employees at OSS PSCs in Kazakhstan can be effectively adapted to the change (digitalization) in order to provide world-class public services, particularly by implementing the ADKAR Change Management model in which ‘A’ stands for awareness of the need to change, ‘D’ stands for the desire to support and take part in the change, ‘K’ stands for knowledge of how to change, ‘A’ stands for the ability to implement the change, and ‘R’ stands for reinforcement to sustain the change. The data in this paper was collected mainly from the survey questionnaires which were distributed among 51 employees and semi-structured interviews which were conducted among 10 employees at 10 branches of One-Stop-Shops (OSSs) in Astana city. Based on the main findings of this research, there is a positive correlation between each element of the ADKAR Change Management model and effective performance of employees, especially at OSS PSCs in Kazakhstan. The limitation of this paper is in its scope since the main findings of this paper are based on the data collected only from Astana city. Limited literature is also another limitation of this paper. However, the findings of this paper can be used by the government of Kazakhstan to improve employees’ productivity at OSS PSCs as well as in other countries with similar contexts; it can also be used for further relevant researches and class discussions.Item Open Access SUSTAINABILITY OF NATIONAL FUND OF REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2022-11-20) Sandybekova, Nurzhamal; Ibentayeva, Assel; Tleuov, NurkenThe active development of markets worldwide, globalization processes, resource curse, and permanent instability have led to the emergence of new financial institutions with the ability to exert a stabilizing influence on the global economy. For this purpose, sovereign wealth funds (hereinafter - SWF) were created. Recently, approximately 70 SWFs are operating worldwide. The creation and assets of sovereign funds have an impact on the external and internal balance of the national economy. The major principle was to establish the fund, which would become a «fund for future generations». Mostly, the income to the funds is tied to the commodity sector. However, with the advent of the «green economy», some of the funds adapt, diversify their investments and become non-commodity. However, there is a trend of renewable energy sources around the world. To what extent SWFs are resilient? Since Kazakhstan is at the top of the list of countries, producing oil and gas, the National Fund of Kazakhstan (hereinafter - NF) mostly depends on the commodity sector. In recent years, special attention has been paid to the activities of the NF. Especially after the Address of the Head of State Mr. Kassym-Zhomart Tokayev in September 2022, when it was announced the launch of the «National Fund for Children» program, this topic becomes relevant. Meanwhile, it is also often mentioned that the funds of the NF are excessively and inexpediently spent. The aim of this research is to analyze and identify the factors and problems which affect on sustainability and viability of our NF. Moreover, a research study in this field contributes to increasing NF’s revenues for future generations. The research methods will suggest identifying problems with transparency, governance, and profitability of NF to demonstrate sustainability and viability.Item Embargo “ANALYSIS OF THE “SERPIN-2050: THE YOUTH OF ETERNAL STATE TO THE INDUSTRY”(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy., 2024-04-05) James-Aguh, Christabel Chinecherem; Takenov, Diyas“Serpin-2050 - The Youth of Eternal State to the Industry” is a program aimed at providing scholarships to young people from rural southern regions of Kazakhstan. The participants can study only in the assigned northern regions and are provided with a comprehensive scholarship with a range of assistance measures from the government. The official goal is to move people from the southern labor-excessive regions with high unemployment to the northern regions with a deficit of labor force. In return for government support, the participants are obliged to stay for two years in one of the assigned regions. However, numerous reports indicate that the program is not working and the number of the program graduates that leave assigned regions far exceeds the number of those who stay. This study aimed to understand the causes of this situation and make recommendations to alleviate it. Using statistical data, interviews with students and university administrators of three universities participating in the program, and the central government officials, we discovered that housing is the main issue for the graduates. This problem is further complemented by low salaries, not speaking Russian, social integration, and other issues. Based on the findings and the analysis of the government's proposed measures, we put forward the recommendations to develop the program.Item Open Access EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF 2019 EDUCATION REFORMS IN INCREASING TEACHERS’ STATUS IN KAZAKHSTAN(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-04-05) Berligaliyeva, Gulaiym; Khussainova, Nagima; Umirbekov, TemirlanThis research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of state programs, introduced after 2019, that were implemented to increase teachers’ status in Kazakhstan. Using UNESCO's recommended definition of teachers’ status as an indicator of value and appreciation that teachers receive in society, we then analyze 5 main factors that influence it: level of autonomy, amount of compensation, workload, opportunities for professional growth and entry requirements in the field. Through a comprehensive survey of more than 2 thousands teachers from all across Kazakhstan, we were able to identify teachers’ perception of these factors and their effect on status, gaining valuable insight into their view on state reforms. Even though teachers generally approved of the reforms, especially for increasing the monetary compensation, many mentioned that state efforts have been futile in other directions. Additional interviews with individuals in the field of education gave a ‘voice’ to teachers’ responses, providing us with a conceptual understanding of survey results and detailed information on their opinions. This research has significant implications for policy-makers who can use our findings to evaluate the effectiveness of said state programs and use them for future policy considerations.Item Open Access THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON THE SITUATION OF STRAY ANIMALS IN KZ: PRACTICES AND POLICY RESPONSES(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-04-05) Aitzhan, Anar; Ibrayeva, Nargiz; Bulekpayeva, AidanaThis research study explores the situation of stray animals in Kazakhstan, emphasizing their rights and the regulatory framework. It analyzes the law “On Responsible Treatment of Animals”, its effectiveness, and public perceptions. The study examines historical and social backgrounds, identifying normative gaps in legislation. It investigates Kazakhstan's regulatory framework regarding homeless animals, encompassing their rights, security, and punishment for violations. It also contemplates global practices applicable in Kazakhstan and characterizes the gap between current reality and government actions. By applying a qualitative analysis which involves a survey and interviews, the study emphasizes public focus on safety issues over animal welfare problems. It discusses the regulatory environment, which leans toward reductionist approaches, and the financial difficulties hindering novel strategies. The study focuses on the need for a multifaceted and holistic approach, facilitating empathy and sense of responsibility towards stray animals. It invites legal reforms, public education, and evidence-based policymaking interventions to deal with the root reasons of stray animal growthItem Open Access WOMEN UNDERREPRESENTATION IN THE AKIMATS OF ASTANA: EXPLORING BARRIERS AND CHALLENGES(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-04-05) Assykpayev, Sanzhar; Bakirova, Bibigul; Ualibek, AigerimUnderrepresentation of women in civil service poses a great challenge for the inclusivity, gender equality, and political representation of women’s needs and interests in society. Cultural norms and societal pressures exacerbate the situation further limiting women employee’s career aspirations and advancements. In the presence of systematic barriers perpetuating underrepresentation, promotion of policies that encourage women’s participation are found to be an effective solution. This work explores the reasons and factors behind the underrepresentation of women in local governments through a qualitative case study of several akimats of Astana city. By interviewing representatives from local municipalities research reveals emerging themes from the experiences and challenges women employees face during their work and advancement to decision-making positions. Results of the study indicate that societal and cultural biases are prominent reasons behind the underrepresentation of women in akimats. Systematic pressure built on the base of male preference and historically developed assigned roles for women was found to be significant in defining the barriers women face during promotion to decision-making positions. Additionally, the study underlines the importance of domestic responsibilities in evaluating factors that influence women’s decision to pursue political careers in Astana akimats.Item Open Access KINDERGARTEN SHORTAGE IN ASTANA: CURRENT SITUATION, PPP IMPACT AND LIMITATIONS(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-04-05) Zhassulanova, Sana; Adamtayev, Dias; Bozchshin, AlibekThis paper will provide an overview of the issue of scarcity of places in kindergartens in Astana. Kazakhstan is facing a scarcity of 250,000 places and 20% of these places are located in Astana. Despite the implementation of Public-Private partnership, the issue is still current. The main focus of the paper is on the current situation of shortage of places, PPP impact in addressing this issue and the challenges in PPP mechanism. We have conducted 15 semi-structured interviews with government officials, owners of kindergartens and experts of preschool education and legal experts. Based on interviews, it was found that the PPP mechanism partially solved the problem of scarcity of places in kindergartens. Respondents mentioned the success of the Balapan program but also noted the severity of the issue now. The reason for partially solving this problem is the lack of attractiveness of PPP mechanism for private businesses for the following challenges: bureaucracy, strict requirements, land unattractiveness, corruption, economic and financial challenges. The policy recommendations were provided for each challenge.Item Open Access DECRIMINALIZATION OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: PERSPECTIVE OF EXPERTS AND PUBLIC OPINION IN KAZAKHSTAN(Nazarbayev University Graduate School of Public Policy, 2024-04) Maratova, Mukaddam; Mukhtor, Jonbegim; Ilkhamzhanova, LailoThis study aims to shed light on the decriminalization of domestic violence in Kazakhstan, specifically exploring the perspective of non-governmental experts and public opinion. Using a mixed-methods approach, 254 survey responses were collected from the residents of Astana, and seven interviews were conducted with experts. The results of the logistic regression analysis revealed that younger age respondents, females, not married and without children were more likely to support the measure that domestic violence should be criminalized. Our findings suggest that under decriminalization the absence of adequate punishment and protective tools for victims are critical issues since they may send the wrong signal to society and unleash the hands of the aggressors. Another issue with decriminalization is that it creates issues of impunity which later breeds violence. Although domestic violence was criminalized in Kazakhstan before 2017, it was not implemented in practice properly. Victims lacked the legal tools and resources to protect themselves. As claimed by the study respondents, a legal approach is necessary but not enough because the issue of domestic violence requires a multifaceted approach. Necessary steps may include social changes such as fighting against gender-based discrimination and gender inequality, changing the deeply-rooted patriarchal norms, and inculcating a culture of zero tolerance towards domestic violence. Further detailed recommendations based on the responses of experts and best practices for handling domestic violence around the world are provided.