Three-dimensional Zn/LiFePO4 aqueous hybrid-ion battery for renewable energy integration into electrical grids.

Abstract

Renewable energy integration into electrical grids is crucial for energy security, leading to the highly secured communication network, traffic control, industrial activities, etc. Renewable energies are intermittent and cannot be easily directly integrated to electric grids without using batteries. These batteries must be safe and inexpensive from the viewpoint of life-cycle cost. Aqueous batteries are non-flammable that can be a great merit compared with traditional lithium-ion batteries that use flammable organic electrolyte solutions.