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    THE EU LEVERAGE: THE EU LAW RECEPTION IN THE SPANISH LEGAL SYSTEM
    (Graduate School of Public Policy, 2023-05-29) Marcos, Antonio Alonso
    The EU modifies the national legal system of the member states. Before the adhesion, a candidate state is required to accept some values, to adopt the Market Economy and to adapt its legal system to a democratic rule of law. After the adhesion to the EU, the member states must include into their national legal systems the measures adopted in Brussels. Besides, they have a time limit to do it, if they don’t want to be fined by the European Executive. Usually, those new rules are intended to improve the citizens’ lives. Apart from the principle of primacy of Union law, it is necessary to include such criteria in national legal system. The tendency is to unify the 27 legal systems, at least in those areas which are exclusive competences of the Union, but also in those other which are shared with the member states. Step by step, the EU is becoming a political union and not only a common market. The enlargement of the Union to other countries is an evolving, living process to engage more and more countries, although there are several levels of partnership. This study will be focused on the reception of the EU Law in the Spanish legal system in the last five years, analysing how the outbreak of the pandemic affected this process. Finally, the author analyses the “Puigdemont case”, related to the European Detention Order against the former regional President of Catalonia
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    OVERLOOKED CONSIDERATIONS OF HUMAN MOBILITY: A CASE STUDY OF LABOR MIGRATION BETWEEN TAJIKISTAN AND RUSSIA
    (Graduate School of Public Policy, 2023) Khuseynov, Shamshod
    Economic circumstances often consume discourse on labor migration, while neglecting intermediate factors. Scholarship on human mobility often attributes labor migration solely to financial circumstances, ignoring other determinants of population movement. This paper strives to illuminate the role of additional elements in labor mobility by examining migration flows between Tajikistan and Russia. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia has transformed into an economic necessity for Tajiks as individuals seek to move north to improve their financial standing. Although numbers illustrate the drastic nature of Tajik labor migration, they do not expose the specific determinants of population movement. However, this examination explores several under-studied factors that reveal labor mobility by synthesizing numerous forms of primary and secondary qualitative literature. The paper highlights the complex decisionmaking process of migrants by analyzing the implications of the individuals’ level of Russian, obtaining citizenship, role and knowledge of entry barriers, and inadequate business connections that translate into flows between Tajikistan and Russia. Through the case study, the research depicts the hardships migrants across the world endure that force them to serve as the “ball” in this transnational game of tennis.