03. Bachelor's Thesis
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Item Open Access PENROSE INSTABILITY ANALYSIS IN THE HIROTA EQUATION(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020) Assaubay, Al-Tarazi; Castro Castilla, Alejandro JavierIn this research, we study the Penrose instability analysis in the Hirota equation, which is a higher-order version of Nonlinear Schrödinger equation. We apply the Wigner function to Hirota equation in order to obtain Wigner-Hirota equation.Item Open Access Nonlinear Schrödinger-Airy Equation in Sobolev Spaces of Low Regularity(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020) Sakayeva, ZhannaThe Nonlinear Schrödinger-Airy equation is one of the general examples of dispersive nonlinear partial differential equations. It is commonly used to characterize the nonlinear propagation of light pulses in optical fibers and is of great importance in quantum mechanics. In this Capstone Project, we perform the first steps to show that the solution satisfies a priori upper bound in terms of the Hs(Sobolev Space) size of the initial data for -1/8 < s < 1/ 4 . The result is weaker than the well-posedness. The Capstone Project provides a general scheme of the ideas for the problem described above.Item Open Access Semantics- and Syntax-related Subvectors in the Skip-gram Embeddings(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020) Tezekbayev, MaxatThis project presents that using a modified version of Skip-gram with negative sampling with weight tying proposed by Assylbekov and Takhanov (2019) word embedding of each word can be decomposed into two subvectors: x and y. We empirically showed that xsubvector is more related to the semantic role of the word and y-subvector is more related to the syntactic role of the word.Item Open Access Durıstap sóıleshısh: Kazakh Language vs. Kazakh Dialects.(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020) Kairat, AskhatA language is a tool of communication, which can be expressed by spoken, signed and written symbols among members of social group or culture. It is often that language has different features among speakers of the same language, for example, when the speakers of the same language use different grammatical features in the speech or when they do not understand some words that are used by others. For example, in the Kazakh language “Durıstap sóıleshısh ”. These situations are expressed as variations or dialects of the language. This study aims to shed light on the Kazakh language and its regional variations all around Kazakhstan. The goal of this study is to investigate the phonological differences between these variations, to find out the unique features of speech that belong to speakers that live in specific regions of Kazakhstan. The analysis of variations is based on phonological differences of dialects and opinions of people about the regional variations of Kazakh language. The significance of this work is that it would contribute to the discussion and studies about Kazakh dialectology. This research is important because it will discover the opinions of Kazakhstani citizens about the Kazakh language. In order to know what people think of whether the language has dialects or no and what are the attitudes of people towards variations of the language. It will try to answer questions about the number of dialects of the Kazakh language. This research will reveal phonetic features of speakers of Kazakh language from different regions of Kazakhstan and based on these features will try to categorize people by the regional dialects.Item Open Access Alpamys Batyr and Odysseus: Fidelity or Death?(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020) Myrzabekova, KundyzThis capstone project aims to find the main similar themes raised in the stories “Alpamys” and “Odysseus” and will try to find why these topics, particularly the issues of fidelity were discussed and what is the role of it in each story. The reason for the comparison of these two stories is in the similarity of the topics raised in the text. Both, the story of “Alpamys” and the story of Odysseus present the issues of loyalty and homecoming. Before starting comparison, it was crucial to determine the origin of each story and to identify if they influenced each other. The finds showed that the story of “Odysseus” appeared much before the “Alpamys”, in the 8th century in an isolated island, while “Alpamys” takes its origin from the story of “Bamsi Beyrek” that emerged after 10th century on the Altay mountains. Since both stories have different places and dates of origin, the possibility of their contact and impact on each other is excluded. The analysis of the story shows that fidelity that main heroes kept toward their spouses, toward their friends and land assisted them to survive and return to home, despite the struggles and obstacles they faced on their way. Since Penelope stayed loyal to Odysseus until the end, she avoided marriage to one of the suitors, as well as Gulbarshyn that kept her fidelity to Alpamys. And Odysseus and Alpamys could return home because they were Fidel to their land and to their families since otherwise, Odysseus would live in captivation by Calypso, while Alpamys under captivation of Taycha-Khan.Item Restricted “There Is No Use Crying Over Spilt Milk”: Overcoming Traumatic Experience Through Comedy(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020) Zhakhina, RozaThis capstone project consists of a short story called “There Is No Use Crying Over Spilt Milk” and its analysis. Both parts are dedicated to the exploration of methods of overcoming trauma through humor and irony. The creative writing part of the project is a story about a girl who experienced trauma and released the tension by means of comedy. The author utilizes the release theory of humor and the concept of the ordinary hero to demonstrate the universality of people's exposure to trauma and their habitual tendency to cancel out their sadness by making use of comedy as an alternative solution to the problem.Item Open Access The Influence of Textbook Type on the Oral Communication Development in Young L2 English Learners(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020) Ualikhan, AruzhanThe selection of materials for second language teaching plays a crucial role in teaching a foreign language. School textbooks are considered to be the most appropriate materials and an integral tool for the teacher as they function as a guide. This research study aims to compare the language patterns of young L2 English learners who were taught with a textbook or with self-prepared materials based on the communicative language teaching (CLT) approach. 13 young Beginner level English learners aged 8-9 years old participated in this experimental research. The task for pre- and post-test was to name the objects in a picture which was chosen according to the topic covered. Students were examined with pre-test and were divided into control (n=7) and experimental (n=6) groups. The control group continued to have standard lessons with the textbook, and the experimental group had four lessons taught by a researcher with CLT-prepared materials based on the textbook curriculum. After the intervention of research teaching based on CLT materials, both participants groups took a post-test. Pre- and post-tests were audio-recorded, then we transcribed and translated into English, as necessary. A qualitative method, namely the Grounded Theory method, was applied to analyze data. Transcribed recordings were read in detail and reviewed for themes as well as general and specific categories. Each participant’s pre-test and post-test were compared to trace the progress. Pre- and post-test were compared among themselves to observe language patterns. Pedagogical implications were constructed based on language patterns, categories and themes within the data.Item Open Access Brick-By-Brick: A Construction of ’t Hooft’s Brick Wall(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020) Gilman, NarynbekA pedagogical construction and review, aimed at the undergraduate level, are given of the brick wall model. The brick wall is a finite region just outside the event horizon of a black hole. It is introduced in order to calculate the entropy of the collapsed star. The statistical origin of the entropy is still unknown, but the brick wall model offers an elementary exercise in counting quantum field solutions to arrive at the famous entropy-area result. The brick wall is a cut-off, effectively regularizing an otherwise divergent result. The model encompasses many fields of physics, including general relativity, quantum theory and statistical mechanics. Its multidisciplinary approach hints at what a more sophisticated solution will look like to the problem of a statistical explanation of the entropy of black holes.Item Open Access Protein Family Classification using embedding methods(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020-04-30) Saduakhas, DamilyaThis capstone project examines the performance of existing embedding based alignment-free methods for protein family classification tasks. The distributed continuous representation of biological sequences such as DNA and proteins can be analyzed using algorithms that are based upon Natural Language Processing models such as Word2Vec. The performance of ProtVec proposed by Asgari et.al. (2015) was analyzed and compared to its further improvements and the opportunities of embedding based methods in classification tasks were discussed. The data were obtained from the Swiss-Prot database, and 324,018 manually annotated protein sequences were used for protein family classification task of 7,027 families. This paper will test different advantages and will try to explain the motivation behind using the embedding methods for classification, despite the existence of advanced alignment methods with high accuracy. The further modifications to change the metrics to non-Euclidean ones and the use of hybrid models were proposed.Item Open Access Modeling dependencies between exchange rates using timeinvariant and time-varying copulas(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020-04-30) Adil, AsemIn this project, the bivariate dependence structures between the Japanese Yen, Chinese Yuan, and Hong Kong Dollar exchange rates against the US Dollar are studied by using time-invariant and time-varying copulas. The period from 20.03.2010- 20.03.2020 is used for numerical simulations and marginal distributions are determined by the ARMA-tGARCH approach. The optimal models are chosen based on AIC values. Then the copulas are determined by the optimal choice of marginal distributions and finally, copulas are numerically constructed and used to describe dependencies between these three exchange-rates. Changes in the linear correlation coefficient over time are studied using time-varying copulas. The R script is provided to implement this procedure. The results suggest a positive dependence and greater lower-tail dependence between pairs of Japanese Yen-Chinese Yuan and Chinese Yuan-Hong Kong Dollar exchange rates.Item Open Access Constructing Word Embeddings from the Random Hyperbolic Graph(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020-04-30) Nurmukhamedov, SultanRecent studies have shown that the appropriate space for word embeddings is not the Euclidean space, but negatively curved, hyperbolic space. We randomly throw points in the hyperbolic disc and claim that these points are already word representations. However, it is yet to be uncovered which point corresponds to which word of the human language of interest. This correspondence can be approximately established using a pointwise mutual information between words and graph matching techniques. The embeddings were evaluated at WS353 task, and then separately on its similarity and relatedness parts.Item Open Access Searching for the Yet-Nonexistent: Contemporary Kazakhstani Poetry and Kazakh Identity(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020-05) Kazhyakpar, AibarshaThis project explores the narratives that contemporary Kazakhstani poets Ardak Nurgazy and Anuar Duisenbinov, who belong to two marginal groups of the society, build around the question of Kazakh national identity. In their poetry both poets use the notion of rebirth which can be found at the core of the most important national program of Kazakhstan “Rukhani Zhangyru” [Spiritual modernization/renewal]. However, the poets deconstruct that notion of rebirth and reveal the gap between today’s nation and its nomadic ancestors. Their lyrical heroes attempt to reconnect with the nation’s past by reestablishing their relationship with such historical and mythical figures like Korkyt, Kerei Khan, and Khoja Akhmed Yasawi. But the gap between them seems unsurmountable because the modern-day nation drastically differs from its ancestors: it is linguistically and culturally hybrid. This leaves the lyrical heroes feeling disoriented and unbelonging.Item Restricted Translation of the Drag Slang in RuPaul’s Drag Race(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020-05) Turkmenova, Zhasmina“RuPaul’s Drag Race” introduces the audience to very specific discourse, which quickly became a subject for interdisciplinary research. Drag discourse is an artificial language characterized by a provocative and artistic way of speaking along with excessive usage of wordplay and neologisms, including very specific drag slang. Such discourse can be very difficult to interpret into another language, especially considering cultural expectations for language use. This paper focuses primarily on the translation of drag slang in the context of the mini-challenge “Reading is fundamental” using the corpus-based analysis and urban dictionaries to translate the terms from English to Russian. The first major finding of this paper is that the drag terms frequently have more than one definition. As a result, their pragmatic meaning varies in different contexts. It means that Russian translation must preserve the wordplay and the theatrical manner of speaking, thus emphasizing the artificial nature of drag discourse. Secondly, the show has a very specific audience, which consists mainly of the bilingual teenagers and young-adults with a sufficient background in drag performance. Such an audience allows to use transliteration in the final Russian version. Translation of the show into other languages would not only increase its popularity, but is also very likely to spread the concern of the LGBTQ community’s rights on the international level.Item Restricted Forgive or Kill: One More Story of Sexual Violence Victim(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020-05) Kuzdikbay, AinurThe theme of sexual violence was and stays crucial in Kazakhstani society, being one of the main concerns of women. However, it is merely discussed in local media, television, and literary works. Therefore, this creative writing capstone project addresses the issues regarding sexual violence based on 18th and 21st Kazakhstani society in a form of a prose. Its main goal is to show how the mind of the victim splits due to trauma, losing its ability to function wholly. As after the incidence, the main heroine loses her ability to communicate with her subconsciousness as before, because it becomes just an observer of her life, proving that the mind of the victim splits. The project brings this psychological trauma into a textual form using literary theories like romanticism and dualism. The paper applies these theories, based on literary works as Pushkin’s Eugene Onegin, Lermontov’s The Hero of Our Time, and Julio Cortazar’s The Night Face Up. Besides this aspect, the project analyses Kazakhstani laws regarding sexual violence, doing a comparative analysis of laws in the 18th century with that of the 21st century. So, this comparison shows that as time passes the laws became less strict. For example, if in the 18th century for raping another person the criminal getsc death penalty, then in the 21st century he/she gets at most 3 to 5 years and 15 to 20 years, if the victim is over 18 and under 18 respectively. Through dualistic travels to 18th century this prose shows the difference in laws and importance of making the laws stricter in 21st century. These features of the project make it important in the sphere of literature, as it brings a new genre into Kazakhstani literature.Item Open Access The Importance of the December 16th uprising of 1986 in the process of formation of Kazakh nationalism on the eve of the collapse of Soviet Union and its place in the modern history of independent Kazakhstan(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020-05) Bakhretdinov, ValikhanItem Open Access "What Children and Cats Hide": Exploration of Childhood Through Surrealist Writing(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020-05) Chistyakova, ValeriyaThis capstone project in Creative Writing consists of two parts: a short story collection and theoretical analysis of the creative work. The stories in the collection are inspired by and comment on the mundane experiences that almost everyone goes through as a child: being scared of darkness and creatures that lurk in it, or worse getting ready for and suffering through tedious family gathering. However, the world in the stories only seems mundane and ‘normal’ at first. It is in fact an absurd, exaggerated, and more unpredictable version of that what people call ‘“normal life,” and what it has become in the modern era: a form of experience dominated by aims and functions, and relieved only by the temporary respite of organized leisure’ (Laxton 1). The child perspective is used to deconstruct our rule-bound reality, highlight some of the hidden issues or problems they face in real life, rebel, and escape from them. Theory of play can provide a deeper insight into the child’s mind and draw the connection between Surrealism and child consciousness.Item Restricted The Process of Learning L2 English: Case Study of Child with L1 Russian(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020-05) Aliyeva, MeruyertIn the sphere of SLE, the Communicative Learning Teaching (CLT) method is considered the most effective method nowadays. Since it focuses more on the communication of the students in the classroom for the ability to actually speak in the Target Language, many schools are applying it slowly and naturally in a classroom with more than one student. Therefore, there are not many studies testing the CLT in a classroom with one student and tracking the student’s progress by looking at vocabulary development. Hence, the goal of this case study is to observe and analyze the difference in language proficiency improvement in a single student classroom with the usage of CLT. To track the improvements in the English language the student’s writing and speaking skills, in particular, will be analyzed. The study takes place in a local educational center for 4 weeks. The lessons are 3 times a week each for an hour. The student is from a Russian (L1) speaking school and has some background in studying English as her second language (L2). As a result of the study, the student’s speech gained a higher pace along with the enhancement of productive vocabulary. Since the student had more practice of the target language in the class, her speech has become more confident and as a result of intense grammar study in the classroom, the speech and the writing have clear grammatical progress.Item Open Access Comparative Urban Linguistic Landscapes In Kazakhstan(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020-05) Kyrgyzbek, KamazhayItem Open Access Finite Elements Solutions to the Black - Scholes Equation(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020-05-01) Zhanatova, NazymNowadays, for the financial industry it is important to implement mathematical tools of the advanced level. World’s well-known economists Fischer Black and Myron Scholes introduced the distinguished equation for option pricing in 1973. This Capstone project aims to find finite element solutions to the Black-Scholes Equation. For this, the Black-Scholes Equation is solved as a convection dominated problem through the Local Projection Stabilization, where Galerkin finite element method is applied to the parabolic equation. Hence, for the Local Projection Stabilization, the functions of L2 – orthogonal finite element basis of arbitrary order are constructed. These functions result in a diagonal mass matrix which are useful for time discretization.Item Open Access Back to the Roots: Contemporary Kazakh And Mexican Graphic Novels(Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2020-05-01) Malika, KanashevaThe pre-colonial setting has been a great source of inspiration for young comic book artists in Kazakhstan and Mexico. If artists such as Eduardo Ancer and Gonzalo Alvarez use pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica, its ancient culture, and mythology, Kazakh artists such as Madi Musabekov and Orazkhan Zhakyp heavily focus on Turkic mythology and the formation of the Kazakh Khanate in their works. The trending search for cultural background and ancestral reconnection can represent an interesting stage of postcolonial development and the formation of cultural identity among the youth. Unlike Mexico, which has fought for its acknowledgment in postcolonial studies, Kazakhstan still cannot redefine its post-Soviet experience as postcolonial. Both countries, similarly to many other postcolonial nations, have been experiencing a crisis of cultural and national identity, particularly the youth that stays in-between cultures. With the reemergence of transculturalism, which proposes acceptance of cultural fluidity, there is a challenge in its co-existence with the reinforcement of precolonial history through graphic novels. Since the project focuses on the cultural identity of youth, graphic novels demonstrate a promising discussion of postcolonialism and contemporary youth resistance. Thus, with this project, I attempt to redefine the concept of ‘postcolonial graphic novels’ and analyze the reconstruction of Kazakh and Mexican cultural identity through postcolonial and transcultural perspectives.