Association between tap water quality and self-reported gastrointestinal and kidney diseases among residents of Astana

Abstract

Access and supply of safe water are vital for human well-being. Previous studies show that the quality of drinking water may affect human health outcomes. This study is aimed to examine perception regarding tap water quality among Astana city residents and its association with gastrointestinal (GI) tract and kidneys associated diseases. A self-reported questionnaire was used for data collection. The survey was distributed via social media groups and hard copies were given in hands. In total, 371 responses were included in the analysis....