LITHIC PRODUCTION ON THE EURASIAN STEPPE: TECHNOLOGICAL STRATEGIES AT KOKEN

Abstract

This study explores lithic production strategies at the Koken site in Eastern Kazakhstan to determine its function. Applying behavioral archaeological framework and formal lithic analysis, stone flakes from stratified layers in Operational Unit 2 were examined based on dimensions, flake completeness, cortex percentage, and flake scar directionality. Statistical analyses, including Chi-square, ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis tests revealed a predominance of incomplete flakes with low cortex coverage and multidirectional scar patterning, indicating later stages of production. These findings suggest that Koken most likely functioned as a lithic workshop, where tools were likely produced and later transported elsewhere for use. Other suggestions include training ground or a discard site. This study provides a detailed chaîne opératoire analysis for the region and contributes to our understanding of stone tool technologies on the Eurasian Steppe.