Batteries Safety: Recent Progress and Current Challenges

Abstract

Battery safety has become one of the most critical challenges for the rapid development of electrochemical energy storage systems. This review provides a systematic overview of safety issues in lithium-ion batteries, focusing on failure mechanisms such as thermal runaway, internal short circuits, and overcharging. Progress in safety-enhancing technologies, including advanced materials, structural design, and monitoring systems, is summarized. The paper also highlights open challenges and future research directions to achieve safer large-scale applications in electric vehicles and stationary energy storage.