Sodium-Based Batteries: In Search of the Best Compromise Between Sustainability and Maximization of Electric Performance

Abstract

Till 2020 the predominant key success factors of battery development have been energy density, power density, lifetime, safety, and cost per kWh. Lithium‑air and lithium‑sulfur systems offer high theoretical energy densities but face practical drawbacks. This paper reviews the potential of sodium‑based batteries as a sustainable and abundant alternative, balancing environmental concerns with performance. It analyzes major cathode material directions and advances toward high‑performance systems, offering an outlook on sodium‑based batteries’ role in future mobile and stationary energy storage markets.,