Browsing by Subject "Kazakh-Qing"

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The unofficial Russo-Qing trade on the eastern Kazakh steppe and in northern Xinjiang in the first half of the 19th century

Wang, Di (Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, 2018)

The Treaty of Kuldja (Ili) signed in 1851 between the Russian empire and the Qing empire marked the start of the official Russo-Qing trade in Xinjiang. This thesis aims to explore the generally neglected pre-1851 unofficial ...