Tap water in Kazakhstan is rich in carbonate due to contamination of surface water and insufficient drinking water treatment. This leads to scaling in home appliances such as cooking ware. Fermented whey is a by-product ...

Bacterial biofilms are typically more tolerant to antimicrobials compared to bacteria in the planktonic phase and therefore require alternative treatment approaches. Mechanical biofilm disruption from ultrasound may be ...

Extracellular electron transfer (EET) from microorganisms to insoluble metals and electrodes is relevant to energy recovery from wastewater, green production of high-added value chemicals, and biosensors for food, ...